com.google.common.net

## Class InetAddresses

- java.lang.Object
- - com.google.common.net.InetAddresses

-     @Beta
      public final class InetAddresses
      extends java.lang.Object

  Static utility methods pertaining to `InetAddress` instances.

  Important note: Unlike `InetAddress.getByName()`, the methods of this class never cause DNS services to be accessed. For this reason, you should prefer these methods as much as possible over their JDK equivalents whenever you are expecting to handle only IP address string literals -- there is no blocking DNS penalty for a malformed string.

  When dealing with `Inet4Address` and `Inet6Address` objects as byte arrays (vis. `InetAddress.getAddress()`) they are 4 and 16 bytes in length, respectively, and represent the address in network byte order.

  Examples of IP addresses and their byte representations:

  - The IPv4 loopback address, `"127.0.0.1"`.
    `7f 00 00 01`
  - The IPv6 loopback address, `"::1"`.
    `00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01`
  - From the IPv6 reserved documentation prefix (`2001:db8::/32`), `"2001:db8::1"`.
    `20 01 0d b8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01`
  - An IPv6 "IPv4 compatible" (or "compat") address, `"::192.168.0.1"`.
    `00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c0 a8 00 01`
  - An IPv6 "IPv4 mapped" address, `"::ffff:192.168.0.1"`.
    `00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff ff c0 a8 00 01`

  A few notes about IPv6 "IPv4 mapped" addresses and their observed use in Java.
  "IPv4 mapped" addresses were originally a representation of IPv4 addresses for use on an IPv6 socket that could receive both IPv4 and IPv6 connections (by disabling the `IPV6_V6ONLY` socket option on an IPv6 socket). Yes, it's confusing. Nevertheless, these "mapped" addresses were never supposed to be seen on the wire. That assumption was dropped, some say mistakenly, in later RFCs with the apparent aim of making IPv4-to-IPv6 transition simpler.

  Technically one can create a 128bit IPv6 address with the wire format of a "mapped" address, as shown above, and transmit it in an IPv6 packet header. However, Java's InetAddress creation methods appear to adhere doggedly to the original intent of the "mapped" address: all "mapped" addresses return `Inet4Address` objects.

  For added safety, it is common for IPv6 network operators to filter all packets where either the source or destination address appears to be a "compat" or "mapped" address. Filtering suggestions usually recommend discarding any packets with source or destination addresses in the invalid range `::/3`, which includes both of these bizarre address formats. For more information on "bogons", including lists of IPv6 bogon space, see:

  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogon_filtering
  - http://www.cymru.com/Bogons/ipv6.txt
  - http://www.cymru.com/Bogons/v6bogon.html
  - http://www.space.net/~gert/RIPE/ipv6-filters.html
  Since:
    5.0

- - ### Nested Class Summary

    Nested Classes
    Modifier and Type | Class and Description
    --- | ---
    `static class` | `InetAddresses.TeredoInfo` A simple immutable data class to encapsulate the information to be found in a Teredo address.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `static int` | `coerceToInteger(java.net.InetAddress ip)` Returns an integer representing an IPv4 address regardless of whether the supplied argument is an IPv4 address or not.
    `static java.net.InetAddress` | `decrement(java.net.InetAddress address)` Returns a new InetAddress that is one less than the passed in address.
    `static java.net.InetAddress` | `forString(java.lang.String ipString)` Returns the `InetAddress` having the given string representation.
    `static java.net.InetAddress` | `forUriString(java.lang.String hostAddr)` Returns an InetAddress representing the literal IPv4 or IPv6 host portion of a URL, encoded in the format specified by RFC 3986 section 3.2.2.
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `fromInteger(int address)` Returns an Inet4Address having the integer value specified by the argument.
    `static java.net.InetAddress` | `fromLittleEndianByteArray(byte[] addr)` Returns an address from a little-endian ordered byte array (the opposite of what `InetAddress.getByAddress(java.lang.String, byte[])` expects).
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `get6to4IPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Returns the IPv4 address embedded in a 6to4 address.
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `getCoercedIPv4Address(java.net.InetAddress ip)` Coerces an IPv6 address into an IPv4 address.
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `getCompatIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Returns the IPv4 address embedded in an IPv4 compatible address.
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `getEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Examines the Inet6Address to extract the embedded IPv4 client address if the InetAddress is an IPv6 address of one of the specified address types that contain an embedded IPv4 address.
    `static java.net.Inet4Address` | `getIsatapIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Returns the IPv4 address embedded in an ISATAP address.
    `static InetAddresses.TeredoInfo` | `getTeredoInfo(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Returns the Teredo information embedded in a Teredo address.
    `static boolean` | `hasEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Examines the Inet6Address to determine if it is an IPv6 address of one of the specified address types that contain an embedded IPv4 address.
    `static java.net.InetAddress` | `increment(java.net.InetAddress address)` Returns a new InetAddress that is one more than the passed in address.
    `static boolean` | `is6to4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Evaluates whether the argument is a 6to4 address.
    `static boolean` | `isCompatIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Evaluates whether the argument is an IPv6 "compat" address.
    `static boolean` | `isInetAddress(java.lang.String ipString)` Returns `true` if the supplied string is a valid IP string literal, `false` otherwise.
    `static boolean` | `isIsatapAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Evaluates whether the argument is an ISATAP address.
    `static boolean` | `isMappedIPv4Address(java.lang.String ipString)` Evaluates whether the argument is an "IPv4 mapped" IPv6 address.
    `static boolean` | `isMaximum(java.net.InetAddress address)` Returns true if the InetAddress is either 255.255.255.255 for IPv4 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff for IPv6.
    `static boolean` | `isTeredoAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)` Evaluates whether the argument is a Teredo address.
    `static boolean` | `isUriInetAddress(java.lang.String ipString)` Returns `true` if the supplied string is a valid URI IP string literal, `false` otherwise.
    `static java.lang.String` | `toAddrString(java.net.InetAddress ip)` Returns the string representation of an `InetAddress`.
    `static java.lang.String` | `toUriString(java.net.InetAddress ip)` Returns the string representation of an `InetAddress` suitable for inclusion in a URI.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Method Detail

    - #### forString

          public static java.net.InetAddress forString(java.lang.String ipString)

      Returns the `InetAddress` having the given string representation.

      This deliberately avoids all nameservice lookups (e.g. no DNS).

      Parameters:
        `ipString` - `String` containing an IPv4 or IPv6 string literal, e.g. `"192.168.0.1"` or `"2001:db8::1"`
      Returns:
        `InetAddress` representing the argument
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument is not a valid IP string literal

    - #### isInetAddress

          public static boolean isInetAddress(java.lang.String ipString)

      Returns `true` if the supplied string is a valid IP string literal, `false` otherwise.
      Parameters:
        `ipString` - `String` to evaluated as an IP string literal
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a valid IP string literal

    - #### toAddrString

          public static java.lang.String toAddrString(java.net.InetAddress ip)

      Returns the string representation of an `InetAddress`.

      For IPv4 addresses, this is identical to `InetAddress.getHostAddress()`, but for IPv6 addresses, the output follows RFC 5952 section 4. The main difference is that this method uses "::" for zero compression, while Java's version uses the uncompressed form.

      This method uses hexadecimal for all IPv6 addresses, including IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses such as "::c000:201". The output does not include a Scope ID.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `InetAddress` to be converted to an address string
      Returns:
        `String` containing the text-formatted IP address
      Since:
        10.0

    - #### toUriString

          public static java.lang.String toUriString(java.net.InetAddress ip)

      Returns the string representation of an `InetAddress` suitable for inclusion in a URI.

      For IPv4 addresses, this is identical to `InetAddress.getHostAddress()`, but for IPv6 addresses it compresses zeroes and surrounds the text with square brackets; for example `"[2001:db8::1]"`.

      Per section 3.2.2 of http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986, a URI containing an IPv6 string literal is of the form `"http://[2001:db8::1]:8888/index.html"`.

      Use of either `toAddrString(java.net.InetAddress)`, `InetAddress.getHostAddress()`, or this method is recommended over `InetAddress.toString()` when an IP address string literal is desired. This is because `InetAddress.toString()` prints the hostname and the IP address string joined by a "/".

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `InetAddress` to be converted to URI string literal
      Returns:
        `String` containing URI-safe string literal

    - #### forUriString

          public static java.net.InetAddress forUriString(java.lang.String hostAddr)

      Returns an InetAddress representing the literal IPv4 or IPv6 host portion of a URL, encoded in the format specified by RFC 3986 section 3.2.2.

      This function is similar to `forString(String)`, however, it requires that IPv6 addresses are surrounded by square brackets.

      This function is the inverse of `toUriString(java.net.InetAddress)`.

      Parameters:
        `hostAddr` - A RFC 3986 section 3.2.2 encoded IPv4 or IPv6 address
      Returns:
        an InetAddress representing the address in `hostAddr`
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if `hostAddr` is not a valid IPv4 address, or IPv6 address surrounded by square brackets

    - #### isUriInetAddress

          public static boolean isUriInetAddress(java.lang.String ipString)

      Returns `true` if the supplied string is a valid URI IP string literal, `false` otherwise.
      Parameters:
        `ipString` - `String` to evaluated as an IP URI host string literal
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a valid IP URI host

    - #### isCompatIPv4Address

          public static boolean isCompatIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Evaluates whether the argument is an IPv6 "compat" address.

      An "IPv4 compatible", or "compat", address is one with 96 leading bits of zero, with the remaining 32 bits interpreted as an IPv4 address. These are conventionally represented in string literals as `"::192.168.0.1"`, though `"::c0a8:1"` is also considered an IPv4 compatible address (and equivalent to `"::192.168.0.1"`).

      For more on IPv4 compatible addresses see section 2.5.5.1 of http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291

      NOTE: This method is different from `Inet6Address.isIPv4CompatibleAddress()` in that it more correctly classifies `"::"` and `"::1"` as proper IPv6 addresses (which they are), NOT IPv4 compatible addresses (which they are generally NOT considered to be).

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded IPv4 compatible address format
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a valid "compat" address

    - #### getCompatIPv4Address

          public static java.net.Inet4Address getCompatIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Returns the IPv4 address embedded in an IPv4 compatible address.
      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for an embedded IPv4 address
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` of the embedded IPv4 address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument is not a valid IPv4 compatible address

    - #### is6to4Address

          public static boolean is6to4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Evaluates whether the argument is a 6to4 address.

      6to4 addresses begin with the `"2002::/16"` prefix. The next 32 bits are the IPv4 address of the host to which IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneled packets should be routed.

      For more on 6to4 addresses see section 2 of http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for 6to4 address format
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a 6to4 address

    - #### get6to4IPv4Address

          public static java.net.Inet4Address get6to4IPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Returns the IPv4 address embedded in a 6to4 address.
      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded IPv4 in 6to4 address
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` of embedded IPv4 in 6to4 address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument is not a valid IPv6 6to4 address

    - #### isTeredoAddress

          public static boolean isTeredoAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Evaluates whether the argument is a Teredo address.

      Teredo addresses begin with the `"2001::/32"` prefix.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for Teredo address format
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a Teredo address

    - #### getTeredoInfo

          public static InetAddresses.TeredoInfo getTeredoInfo(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Returns the Teredo information embedded in a Teredo address.
      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded Teredo information
      Returns:
        extracted `TeredoInfo`
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument is not a valid IPv6 Teredo address

    - #### isIsatapAddress

          public static boolean isIsatapAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Evaluates whether the argument is an ISATAP address.

      From RFC 5214: "ISATAP interface identifiers are constructed in Modified EUI-64 format [...] by concatenating the 24-bit IANA OUI (00-00-5E), the 8-bit hexadecimal value 0xFE, and a 32-bit IPv4 address in network byte order [...]"

      For more on ISATAP addresses see section 6.1 of http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5214

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for ISATAP address format
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is an ISATAP address

    - #### getIsatapIPv4Address

          public static java.net.Inet4Address getIsatapIPv4Address(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Returns the IPv4 address embedded in an ISATAP address.
      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded IPv4 in ISATAP address
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` of embedded IPv4 in an ISATAP address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument is not a valid IPv6 ISATAP address

    - #### hasEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress

          public static boolean hasEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Examines the Inet6Address to determine if it is an IPv6 address of one of the specified address types that contain an embedded IPv4 address.

      NOTE: ISATAP addresses are explicitly excluded from this method due to their trivial spoofability. With other transition addresses spoofing involves (at least) infection of one's BGP routing table.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded IPv4 client address
      Returns:
        `true` if there is an embedded IPv4 client address
      Since:
        7.0

    - #### getEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress

          public static java.net.Inet4Address getEmbeddedIPv4ClientAddress(java.net.Inet6Address ip)

      Examines the Inet6Address to extract the embedded IPv4 client address if the InetAddress is an IPv6 address of one of the specified address types that contain an embedded IPv4 address.

      NOTE: ISATAP addresses are explicitly excluded from this method due to their trivial spoofability. With other transition addresses spoofing involves (at least) infection of one's BGP routing table.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `Inet6Address` to be examined for embedded IPv4 client address
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` of embedded IPv4 client address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if the argument does not have a valid embedded IPv4 address

    - #### isMappedIPv4Address

          public static boolean isMappedIPv4Address(java.lang.String ipString)

      Evaluates whether the argument is an "IPv4 mapped" IPv6 address.

      An "IPv4 mapped" address is anything in the range ::ffff:0:0/96 (sometimes written as ::ffff:0.0.0.0/96), with the last 32 bits interpreted as an IPv4 address.

      For more on IPv4 mapped addresses see section 2.5.5.2 of http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291

      Note: This method takes a `String` argument because `InetAddress` automatically collapses mapped addresses to IPv4. (It is actually possible to avoid this using one of the obscure `Inet6Address` methods, but it would be unwise to depend on such a poorly-documented feature.)

      Parameters:
        `ipString` - `String` to be examined for embedded IPv4-mapped IPv6 address format
      Returns:
        `true` if the argument is a valid "mapped" address
      Since:
        10.0

    - #### getCoercedIPv4Address

          public static java.net.Inet4Address getCoercedIPv4Address(java.net.InetAddress ip)

      Coerces an IPv6 address into an IPv4 address.

      HACK: As long as applications continue to use IPv4 addresses for indexing into tables, accounting, et cetera, it may be necessary to coerce IPv6 addresses into IPv4 addresses. This function does so by hashing the upper 64 bits into `224.0.0.0/3` (64 bits into 29 bits).

      A "coerced" IPv4 address is equivalent to itself.

      NOTE: This function is failsafe for security purposes: ALL IPv6 addresses (except localhost (::1)) are hashed to avoid the security risk associated with extracting an embedded IPv4 address that might permit elevated privileges.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `InetAddress` to "coerce"
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` represented "coerced" address
      Since:
        7.0

    - #### coerceToInteger

          public static int coerceToInteger(java.net.InetAddress ip)

      Returns an integer representing an IPv4 address regardless of whether the supplied argument is an IPv4 address or not.

      IPv6 addresses are coerced to IPv4 addresses before being converted to integers.

      As long as there are applications that assume that all IP addresses are IPv4 addresses and can therefore be converted safely to integers (for whatever purpose) this function can be used to handle IPv6 addresses as well until the application is suitably fixed.

      NOTE: an IPv6 address coerced to an IPv4 address can only be used for such purposes as rudimentary identification or indexing into a collection of real `InetAddress`es. They cannot be used as real addresses for the purposes of network communication.

      Parameters:
        `ip` - `InetAddress` to convert
      Returns:
        `int`, "coerced" if ip is not an IPv4 address
      Since:
        7.0

    - #### fromInteger

          public static java.net.Inet4Address fromInteger(int address)

      Returns an Inet4Address having the integer value specified by the argument.
      Parameters:
        `address` - `int`, the 32bit integer address to be converted
      Returns:
        `Inet4Address` equivalent of the argument

    - #### fromLittleEndianByteArray

          public static java.net.InetAddress fromLittleEndianByteArray(byte[] addr)
                                                                throws java.net.UnknownHostException

      Returns an address from a little-endian ordered byte array (the opposite of what `InetAddress.getByAddress(java.lang.String, byte[])` expects).

      IPv4 address byte array must be 4 bytes long and IPv6 byte array must be 16 bytes long.

      Parameters:
        `addr` - the raw IP address in little-endian byte order
      Returns:
        an InetAddress object created from the raw IP address
      Throws:
        `java.net.UnknownHostException` - if IP address is of illegal length

    - #### decrement

          public static java.net.InetAddress decrement(java.net.InetAddress address)

      Returns a new InetAddress that is one less than the passed in address. This method works for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
      Parameters:
        `address` - the InetAddress to decrement
      Returns:
        a new InetAddress that is one less than the passed in address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if InetAddress is at the beginning of its range
      Since:
        18.0

    - #### increment

          public static java.net.InetAddress increment(java.net.InetAddress address)

      Returns a new InetAddress that is one more than the passed in address. This method works for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
      Parameters:
        `address` - the InetAddress to increment
      Returns:
        a new InetAddress that is one more than the passed in address
      Throws:
        `java.lang.IllegalArgumentException` - if InetAddress is at the end of its range
      Since:
        10.0

    - #### isMaximum

          public static boolean isMaximum(java.net.InetAddress address)

      Returns true if the InetAddress is either 255.255.255.255 for IPv4 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff for IPv6.
      Returns:
        true if the InetAddress is either 255.255.255.255 for IPv4 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff for IPv6
      Since:
        10.0