NAME Myriad - microservice coördination SYNOPSIS use Myriad; Myriad->new->run; DESCRIPTION Myriad provides a framework for dealing with asynchronous, microservice-based code. It is intended for use in an environment such as Kubernetes to support horizontal scaling for larger systems. Overall this framework encourages - but does not enforce - single-responsibility in each microservice: each service should integrate with at most one external system, and integration should be kept in separate services from business logic or aggregation. This is at odds with common microservice frameworks, so perhaps it would be more accurate to say that this framework is aimed at developing "nanoservices" instead. Do you need this? If you expect to be dealing with more traffic than a single server can handle, or you have a development team larger than 30-50 or so, this might be of interest. For a smaller system with a handful of users, it's probably overkill! Modules and code layout * Myriad::Service - load this in your own code to turn it into a microservice * Myriad::RPC - the RPC abstraction layer, in $self->rpc * Myriad::Storage - abstraction layer for storage, available as $self->storage within services * Myriad::Subscription - the subscription handling layer, in $self->subscription Each of the three abstractions has various implementations. You'd set one on startup and that would provide functionality through the top-level abstraction layer. Service code generally shouldn't need to care which implementation is applied. There may however be cases where transactional behaviour differs between implementations, so there is some basic functionality planned for checking whether RPC/storage/subscription use the same underlying mechanism for transactional safety. Storage The Myriad::Storage abstract API is a good starting point here. For storage implementations, we have: * Myriad::Storage::Redis * Myriad::Storage::PostgreSQL * Myriad::Storage::Memory Additional transport mechanisms may be available, see CPAN for details. RPC Simple request/response patterns are handled with the Myriad::RPC layer ("remote procedure call"). Details on the request are in Myriad::RPC::Request and the response to be sent back is in Myriad::RPC::Response. * Myriad::RPC::Implementation::Redis * Myriad::RPC::Implementation::PostgreSQL * Myriad::RPC::Implementation::Memory Additional transport mechanisms may be available, see CPAN for details. Subscriptions The Myriad::Subscription abstraction layer defines the available API here. Subscription implementations include: * Myriad::Subscription::Implementation::Redis * Myriad::Subscription::Implementation::PostgreSQL * Myriad::Subscription::Implementation::Memory Additional transport mechanisms may be available, see CPAN for details. Transports Note that some layers don't have implementations for all transports - MQ for example does not really provide a concept of "storage". Each of these implementations is supposed to separate out the logic from the actual transport calls, so there's a separate ::Transport set of classes here: * Myriad::Transport::Redis * Myriad::Transport::PostgreSQL * Myriad::Transport::Memory which deal with the lower-level interaction with the protocol, connection management and so on. More details on that can be found in Myriad::Transport - but it's typically only useful for people working on the Myriad implementation itself. Other classes Documentation for these classes may also be of use: * Myriad::Exception - generic errors, provides "throw" in Myriad::Exception and we recommend that all service errors implement this rôle * Myriad::Plugin - adds specific functionality to services * Myriad::Bootstrap - startup used in myriad.pl for providing autorestart and other functionality * Myriad::Service - base class for a service * Myriad::Registry - support for registering services and methods within the current process * Myriad::Config - general config support, commandline/file/storage METHODS loop Returns the main IO::Async::Loop instance for this process. services Hashref of services that have been added to this instance, as name => Myriad::Service pairs. configure_from_argv Applies configuration from commandline parameters. Expects a list of parameters and applies the following logic for each one: * if it contains :: and a wildcard *, it's treated as a service module base name, and all modules under that immediate namespace will be loaded * if it contains ::, it's treated as a comma-separated list of service module names to load * a - prefix is a standard getopt parameter transport Returns the Myriad::Transport instance according to the config value. it's designed to be used by tests, so be careful before using it in the framework code. it takes a single param * component - the RPC, Subscription or storage in lower case redis The Net::Async::Redis (or compatible) instance used for service coördination. memory_transport The Myriad::Transport::Memory instance. rpc The Myriad::RPC instance to serve RPC requests. rpc_client The Myriad::RPC::Client instance to request other services RPC. http The Net::Async::HTTP::Server (or compatible) instance used for health checks and metrics. subscription The Myriad::Subscription instance to manage events. storage The Myriad::Storage instance to manage data. registry Returns the common Myriad::Registry representing the current service state. add_service Instantiates and adds a new service to the "loop". Returns the service instance. service_by_name Looks up the given service, returning the instance if it exists. Will throw an exception if the service cannot be found. ryu a source to corresponde to any high level events. shutdown Requests shutdown. on_start Registers a coderef to be called during startup. The coderef is expected to return a Future. on_shutdown Registers a coderef to be called during shutdown. The coderef is expected to return a Future indicating completion. run_future Returns a copy of the run Future. This would resolve once the process is running and it's ready to accept requests. shutdown_future Returns a copy of the shutdown Future. This would resolve once the process is about to shut down, triggered by a fault or a Unix signal. setup_logging Prepare for logging. setup_tracing Prepare OpenTracing collection. setup_metrics Prepare Metrics::Any::Adapter to collect metrics. run Starts the main loop. Applies signal handlers for TERM and QUIT, then starts the loop. SEE ALSO Microservices are hardly a new concept, and there's a lot of prior art out there. Key features that we attempt to provide: * reliable handling - requests and actions should be reliable by default * atomic storage - being able to record something in storage as part of the same transaction as acknowledging a message * flexible backends - support for various storage, RPC and subscription implementations, allowing for mix+match * zero transport option - for testing and smaller deployments, you might want to run everything in a single process * language-agnostic - implementations should be possible in languages other than Perl * first-class Kubernetes support - k8s is not required, but when available we should play to its strengths * minimal boilerplate - with an emphasis on rapid prototyping These points tend to be incompatible with typical HTTP-based microservices frameworks, although this is offered as one of the transport mechanisms (with some limitations). Perl Here are a list of the Perl microservice implementations that we're aware of: * https://github.com/jmico/beekeeper - MQ-based (via STOMP), using AnyEvent * https://mojolicious.org - more of a web framework, but a popular one * Async::Microservice - AnyEvent-based, using HTTP as a protocol, currently a minimal wrapper intended to be used with OpenAPI services Java Although this is the textbook "enterprise-scale platform", Java naturally fits a microservice theme. * Spring Boot - One of the frameworks that integrates well with the traditional Java ecosystem, depends on HTTP as a transport. Although there is no unified storage layer, database access is available through connectors. * Micronaut - This framework has many integrations with industry-standard solutions - SQL, MongoDB, Kafka, Redis, gRPC - and they have integration guides for cloud-native solutions such as AWS or GCP. * DropWizard - A minimal framework that provides a RESTful interface and storage layer using Hibernate. * Helidon - Oracle's open source attempt, provides support for two types of transport and SQL access layer using standard Java's packages, built with cloud-native deployment in mind. Python Most of Python's frameworks provide tools to facilitate building logic blocks behind APIs (Flask, Django ..etc). For work distribution, Celery is commonly used as a task queue abstraction. Rust * https://rocket.rs/ - although this is a web framework, rather than a complete microservice system, it's reasonably popular for the request/response part of the equation * https://actix.rs/ - another web framework, this time with a focus on the actor pattern JS JS has many frameworks that help to implement the microservice architecture, some are: * Moleculer - generally a full-featured, well-designed microservices framework, highly recommended * Seneca PHP * Swoft - async support via Swoole's coroutines, HTTP/websockets based with additional support for Redis/database connection pooling and ORM Cloud providers Microservice support at the provider level: * AWS Lambda - trigger small containers based on logic, typically combined with other AWS services for data storage, message sending and other actions * "Google App Engine" - Google's own attempt * Heroku - Allow developers to build a microservices architecture based on the services they provide like the example they mentioned in this blog AUTHOR Deriv Group Services Ltd. DERIV@cpan.org CONTRIBUTORS * Tom Molesworth TEAM@cpan.org * Paul Evans PEVANS@cpan.org * Eyad Arnabeh * Nael Alolwani LICENSE Copyright Deriv Group Services Ltd 2020-2022. Licensed under the same terms as Perl itself.